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8 pages of results. 1. The Hyksos and the Archaeology of Palestine [Journals] [SIS Review]
... XIIth and XIIIth Dynasties were contemporary with the MB II period in Palestine, the end of the XIIIth Dynasty preceding by only a few decades the destruction of the MB II C cities; (ii) that the Hyksos period was largely contemporary with Palestine's LB I period. Yet we find it stated repeatedly in standard works on Palestinian archaeology that scarabs, pottery and other finds prove beyond doubt that the MB II B-C phases were contemporary with Hyksos rule, and that LB I was contemporary with the start of the New Kingdom (Dyn. XVIII). If these assertions are correct, then our main hypotheses are untenable. We therefore need to examine the evidence carefully. As we ...
2. Scarabs [Journals] [Pensee]
... From: Pensée Vol. 4 No 1: (Winter 1973-74) "Immanuel Velikovsky Reconsidered VI" Home | Issue Contents Scarabs Immanuel Velikovsky Copyright 1974 by Immanuel Velikovsky Scarabs or beetles of ceramics, of glass, semiprecious stones, or metal often have names engraved on them: the cartouches of the kings and sometimes the names of private persons. Apparently these were used as seals. It is doubted that scarabs were used as money: there is no known literary reference to their use as such, nor does any picture show scarabs being given in payment. Some scarabs were used to commemorate an important occasion, like the large ones memorializing the wedding of Amenhotep III and Tiy ...
3. Scarabs and Chronology [Journals] [Kronos]
... From: Kronos Vol. IX No. 2 (Winter 1984) Home | Issue Contents Scarabs And Chronology Immanuel Velikovsky Copyright 1984 by the Estate of Elisheva Velikovsky To realize the state of affairs in Egyptian and Palestinian archaeology, the following observation of C. C. McCown, who dug in Tell en-Nasbeh,(1 ) is worth considering; it is also symptomatic of all other places in Egypt and Palestine, and sounds very familiar to a reader of archaeological reports: "The scarabs and scaraboids [found in the place] are unanimously dated from the 18th Dynasty or later. Since, as all the ceramic evidence clearly indicates, Tell en-Nasbeh was not occupied until after ...
4. Chapter 5 Pottery Dating, Faience, and Tin [Journals] [Velikovskian]
... tool in the armory of the archaeologist and historian in dealing with materials that are found in a stratum dated by their chronology to one period of time but which presents the researcher with an anachronism because the material is dated to another, sometimes very distant period. In this respect, this author will employ a material somewhat like pottery, namely scarabs, to describe the manner by which competent archaeologists and historians apply a double standard to evidence which contradicts their chronological expectations. This material is taken directly from Velikovsky's Ramses II and His Time, pages 237 ff, sometimes without attribution. Here all the reasons employed to mitigate and remove inconvenient evidence by the investigator are clearly observed. Scarabs ...
5. Epilogue: Questions And Answers (Ramses II and his Time) [Velikovsky]
... here. 6. Stratigraphy dominates all judgments of professional archaeologists. Literary monuments are considered of definitely secondary value and, when found in wrong stratigraphical positions, are considered to be intrusions. Pottery, however, especially Mycenean and post-Mycenean (Geometric in various stages, and Orientalizing), defines by its presence the chronological placement of the strata. Scarabs, often carrying royal Egyptian names, are second only to pottery (usually sherds) as arbiters of age. What is then the verdict coming from pottery and scarabs in the court where conventional chronology and the revised scheme of it stand before the bar? 7. And what is the verdict coming from radiocarbon laboratories? I gave the ...
... Thutmose III during the period of the Judges, with no evidence or record of such in Scripture which has pictured in such detail the incursions and dominations by other peoples. Of equally serious import against this thesis is the fact that the evidence points uniformly to the Hyksos as a most unproductive people, their remains being represented only by a few scarabs (charms). The few fortifications attributed to the Hyksos may be questioned on valid grounds. [Footnote: Vol. II, Chap. V, Sect. IX.] It is inconceivable that the Biblical picture of Israelite slavery and their construction labors belong to the Hyksos era. The theory also suffers, in common with the ...
7. Can There be a Revised Chronology Without a Revised Stratigraphy? [Journals] [SIS Review]
... with pottery of the Middle Bronze II period in Palestine. I have shown elsewhere that this association does not bear close scrutiny [2 ]. But Stiebing also raised another and more serious problem for the revised chronology, and it is with this that the present paper is chiefly concerned. In brief, the problem is as follows. XVIIIth-Dynasty scarabs from late Bronze Age contexts, Lachish The ancient ruined cities of Palestine are tells, i.e . mounds consisting of several strata of debris from successive periods of occupation. These strata will obviously follow each other chronologically from the lowest (oldest) to the uppermost (most recent). Scarabs and other objects from Egypt's XVIIIth Dynasty ...
8. Rejoinder to Velikovsky [Journals] [Pensee]
... in his attempt to demolish my arguments from archaeological stratigraphy Velikovsky misstated my position and completely missed the point of my argument. In the fifth paragraph of his reply to me (Pensee, Winter, 1973-74, p. 38) he writes: Of the counterarguments offered by Dr. Stiebing, the strongest appears to be the following: Egyptian scarabs or seals and other objects of the 18th Dynasty, specifically those of Thutmose III or Amenhotep III, are not found in the excavated strata in Israel dating from the time of the monarchy (from David to Jehoshaphat, the period covered in Ages in Chaos I); neither have seals of Ramses II of the 19th Dynasty turned up ...
... the assumed correctness of previous interpretations made on the same sort of obscure evidence. 3. The same holds true for observed reconstructions. 4. In no case during the era of the monarchy has the name of the ruling king been found, which would provide a basis for correlating any stratum with Biblical history. 5. Tomb objects and scarabs cannot be used rationally to provide even relative dates, since the objects found in the tombs, even if inscribed, do not necessarily belong to the time of the burial, and scarabs are universally recognized among scholars as the poorest sort of evidence to this end. (Footnote 47: E-LDE, p. 16; M-SEC, p ...
10. The Night of the Gods Vol II [Books]
... 712 The "" Dancing" Dervishes .. . 725 CHAPTER IV. The Sphere. The Winged Sphere .. . 731 Feathers .. . , .. . 76 1 The Man-Bird-God ._ . .. . 741 The Egg .. . . .. . 765 The Wings of Kronos . .. . 748 The Winged Scarab .. . 769 Divine Birds .. . .. . .. . 75t Contents. CHAPTER V. SOME HEAVEN'S GODS. ' - Kronos and Ptah. Kronos .. . .. . .. . .. . 774 The White Wall .. . .. . The Symbols O and Q and C# 780 ...
... convenience. [10] G. Contenau, La glyptique syro-hittite (Paris, 1922). "KIRKUK" CYLINDERS Nos. 288-90 resemble closely glyptic objects or impressions found at Kirkuk in northern Mesopotamia. Stylistically they belong between the "Hittite" groups and the Assyrian seals. EGYPTIAN OR EGYPTIANIZED SEALS The predynastic cylinder No. 636 and the scarabs Nos. 627-33 were doubtless made in Egypt. Cylinders Nos. 634-35 and 637-46, which probably originated in Syria or Palestine, show strong Egyptian influence. They bear fair, poor, or hopeless imitations of Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions. Nos. 637 and 639 are definitely of Syrian origin. No. 639 has borrowed all its elements from ...
12. Finding the Limits of Chronological Revision [Journals] [SIS Review]
... spanning an even longer period. The craftsmen's village at Deir E1-Medineh, Egypt, where written records have been found linking the 18th, 19th and 20th Dynasties (photo: T. Palmer) The Family Of Neferhotep (after Chart V, p. 21, The Late New Kingdom in Egypt, M. Bierbrier Warminster, 1975) XVIIIth-Dynasty scarabs from Late Bronze Age contexts, Lachish Such links cannot be undone by casting doubt on the readings of one or two texts. As Jones pointed out: Individuals are not known once only: they appear on hundreds of ostraca and papyri often referring to identical events and situations'. The upshot is, for example, that Velikovsky's separation ...
13. A Concluding Retort [Journals] [Pensee]
... but the archaeological readers of their printed reports- or the next set of diggers- usually accused those originally in the field of incompetence or negligence, creating "personal archaeological tragedies." In the present issue one such tragedy, "Scandal of Enkomi," is published. I also printed in Pensee (Winter, 197374) an article, "Scarabs," refuting Stiebing's contention that scarabs of the 18th or 19th dynasty pharaohs are regularly found in Palestine (Israel and Jordan) in the Bronze Age (Canaanite) levels. Quite contrary to this- almost as a rule- the scarabs of the 18th and 19th dynasties are found in Israelite (Iron Age) strata. Explanations vary from accusing ...
14. The Hyksos Pyramid Builders [Journals] [Velikovskian]
... we fit them in, if we leave them no room to reign as independent monarchs in their own right? Let's first consider the question of the 6th Dynasty and the 18th. A great deal of evidence from art, technology, custom, and culture in general suggests that the 6th and 18th Dynasties belong very close to each other. Scarabs of the two epochs, for example are `identical in type and workmanship' according to Flinders Petrie. Technology tells a similar tale. Looking at glazing and glassmaking techniques, John Dayton remarked on the fact that certain colors of glaze found in 6th Dynasty pottery could not have been developed much before the 18th Dynasty. `Green pigments ...
15. Palestinian Archaeology and a Ramesses VI-Shishak Identification [Journals] [Catastrophism & Ancient History]
... the time of Gideon): "the people did hide themselves in caves, and in thickets, and in rocks, and in high places, and in pits." Cf. with Azekah, where pottery "found in rock hollows . . . impossible to attribute . . . to any . . . structures" was associated with scarabs of Thutmose III and Amenhotep II (EAEHL 1,143). With a Ramesses VI-Shishak this would be in the later Judges period. While this could perhaps have been well associated with the period of unfortified villages in early Iron I, by the later Iron I (that is, the time of Saul following the accepted chronology, ...
16. A Testing Time [Journals] [SIS Review]
... IIC.Grant Wood identifies a type of Middle Bronze Age stThe cave tombs of Jericho span about 250 years. Generally speaking, older burials in these tombs appear to have been pushed to one side to allow for new burials, with a final burial in the centre of the tomb. One particular tomb ( 'H13') had a scarab in it associated with the final burial and, according to Kenyon, this was one of the last tombs to be occupied or used before the fall of Middle Bronze Age Jericho. The scarab found in this tomb read Sheshi' which is an Egyptian hieroglyphic name for a king of the early Hyksos period, so, in David's opinion ...
17. The Still-Lost City of Avaris: The Capital and Stronghold of the Hebrew Pharaohs (Hyksos) [Journals] [Catastrophism & Ancient History]
... retired to Jerusalem and spent the remaining years of his life in the Land of the Bible. This seems to say something about his belief system. Let us consider one of the sites he excavated- one he thought might be Avaris. Tell-el-Yehudiyeh Flinders Petrie worked at Tell-el-Yehudiyeh and found not only a gigantic Hyksos burial ground, but lots of scarabs and the black pottery that the Asiatics adored.2 Let us consider this site as Avaris through his eyes, though others at the time thought he was wrong and that this was just a cemetery. His find revealed that the graves discovered there were similar to those of the XIIth Dynasty.3 This demonstrates that whether or not Tell-el-Yehudiyeh ...
18. Scarab in the Dust: Egypt in the Time of the Twenty-First Dynasty [Journals] [Catastrophism & Ancient History]
... From: Catastrophism and Ancient History VII:2 (July 1985) Home | Issue Contents Scarab in the Dust: Egypt in the Time of the Twenty-First Dynasty Martin Sieff © Martin Sieff 1984, 1986 In Peoples of the Sea Immanuel Velikovsky paints a vivid picture of Egypt during the time of the twenty-first- "Priestly"- dynasty that cannot be bettered: [1 ] Under this dynasty Egypt was a picture of decay and wretchedness. The main occupation of the population priesthood and administration was looking for ancient tombs and their contents. The population plagued by "foreigners," called also "barbarians," waited for nightfall to embark on illicit digging. . . . ...
19. The Conquest of Canaan AND THE REVISED CHRONOLOGY [Journals] [SIS Review]
... his book on Jericho he describes pottery from the MBA as "examples of Hyksos art", and labels a diagram of a tomb from the period as "section of a Hyksos tomb" (18). He even writes of storage vessels sealed "with the signet of a Hyksos ruler" (19), and of finding the scarabs of Hyksos kings (20). All this is inference and assumption. Jericho has not yielded a single item which can be truly identified as Hyksos. In fact the great majority of scarabs from MBA sites in Palestine are local products, and Kenyon describes them as "rather distant relatives" of the Egyptian scarab, bearing only " ...
20. A Brief Response to Marvin Luckerman [Journals] [Catastrophism & Ancient History]
... mentioned above, I have provided further reasons for placing the Exodus during MB II C. I would question Mr. Luckerman's apparent agreement with conventional historians, that "MB II C should have Hyksos seals in it." The main argument of my article in SIS Review, Vol. II No. 3, is precisely that seals (scarabs) known to be of Hyksos rulers have not been found in MB II B-C deposits, and only begin to occur in LB 1. I show there that the Egyptian material in Palestine's MB II B-C levels is characteristic of the Middle Kingdom, not of the Hyksos period. Many scarabs from MB II B-C levels are assumed to be ...
21. My Kingdom for a Horse ... [Journals] [Catastrophism & Ancient History]
... account being the Spanish Conquest, when soldiers riding majestic beasts mesmerized the natives of both Peru and Mexico. Almost the same thing happened in the Eleventh Dynasty of Ancient Egypt, when a pharaoh named Timaois literally gave up his throne for a horse! Numerous archaeological excavations over the years have brought to light, through monuments, sculptures, and scarabs, other evidence regarding Semites on horseback descending upon Egypt when that country was in a weakened state. The evidence shows that they rode in on the first horses and chariots the ancient Egyptians had ever seen. [1 ] Using war chariots pulled by magnificent large horses was the first occasion at which horses had ever been seen in Egypt ...
22. Twelfth Or Fourth Century?. Part I Ch.1 (Peoples of the Sea) [Velikovsky]
... as at Persepolis". Necropolis: Twelfth or Fourth Century? One mile away from Tell el-Yahudiya, Naville and Griffith found the necropolis, the ancient cemetery of the site, with several artificial little mounds or tumuli built of basalt blocks and sand; almost all of these tumuli tombs had been pilfered in the past by searchers for utensils, scarabs, or signets, and jewellery. In each instance the tomb consisted of an outer case of large crude bricks; a kind of vaulted roof was made of bricks leaning against each other; inside was placed a terracotta coffin in the shape of a swathed mummy, made of one piece, with a large opening at the head through ...
23. A Reply to Stiebing [Journals] [Pensee]
... :1 Behold, the fire has mounted up on high. Its burning goes forth against the enemies of the land. From the King James Version. From A. Gardiner's translation of the Leiden Papyrus. He did not observe the similarities. Of the counterarguments offered by Dr. Stiebing, the strongest appears to be the following: Egyptian scarabs or seals and other objects of the 18th Dynasty, specifically those of Thutmose III or Amenhotep III, are not found in the excavated strata in Israel dating from the time of the monarchy (from David to Jehoshaphat, the period covered in Ages in Chaos 1); neither have seals of Ramses II of the 19th Dynasty turned up ...
24. Forum [Journals] [SIS Review]
... it, the wretched Asiatic... does not dwell in a single place. ' Where firm archaeological connections between Egypt and Palestine can be made, they bear out this interpretation. The city to which the Hyksos fled after being driven out of Egypt was Sharuhen, which most scholars (including Bietak) now identify with Tell el-Ajjul. Scarab evidence as well as similarity in burial practices leaves no doubt that the level contemporary with the Hyksos Period was the MB IIC/LB I level known as City II [23]. The Hyksos Period and MB IIC began and ended at approximately the same point. Again, the stratigraphy of MB IIC in Palestine, for example at ...
25. Jericho [Journals] [Kronos]
... levels of occupation called by the excavators the "blue", the "red", and the "green".(1 ) The "blue" was ascribed to the Canaanite period, the "red" to the Israelite period, and the "green" to the Judean period. But in the "red" level many scarabs of the Middle Kingdom were found, as well as pot handles impressed with seals of the same time. It was decided that all of them had been used as unintelligible amulets many hundreds of years after they were made. However, thirteen years after the publication of the report of the excavations, one of the two excavators published a ...
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